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SSH & REMOTEADMINISTRATION

Volume 08 dari seri Debian Linux Server Fundamental. Panduan komprehensif mengelola Debian Server dari jarak jauh menggunakan SSH. Setiap command dijelaskan detail dengan syntax, parameter, contoh penggunaan, dan output. Dari instalasi OpenSSH hingga hardening SSH.

VOLUME08 / 17
SUB-BAB7
BACA75 MENIT
SSH100%
ABDUR ROZAK, S.Kom. Web Developer & System Administrator - abdurrozak.my.id
VOLUME 08 / 17

MENGELOLA DEBIAN SERVER DARI JARAK JAUH

Panduan lengkap SSH & Remote Administration di Debian Linux. 7 sub-bab mencakup instalasi OpenSSH Server, remote server menggunakan SSH, SCP dan SFTP, SSH Key Authentication, konfigurasi sshd, membatasi akses SSH, hingga basic hardening SSH. Setiap command disertai penjelasan detail dan contoh praktis.
SUB-BAB7 LEVELSSH & Remote WAKTU75 MENIT
01
SUB-BAB 01 INSTALASI

INSTALASI OPENSSH SERVER

Apa Itu OpenSSH?

OpenSSH adalah implementasi open-source dari protokol SSH (Secure Shell). SSH memungkinkan koneksi remote yang aman ke server melalui enkripsi. OpenSSH terdiri dari dua komponen: openssh-server (sshd - server daemon) dan openssh-client (ssh - client command).

Instalasi OpenSSH Server

bash
# Update package list admin@server:~$ sudo apt update # Install OpenSSH Server admin@server:~$ sudo apt install openssh-server Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done The following additional packages will be installed: ncurses-term openssh-sftp-server Suggested packages: molly-guard monkeysphere ssh-askpass The following NEW packages will be installed: ncurses-term openssh-server openssh-sftp-server 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 456 kB of archives. After this operation, 1,534 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y # Verifikasi instalasi admin@server:~$ systemctl status ssh ● ssh.service - OpenBSD Secure Shell server Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/ssh.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2026-09-07 10:30:15 WIB; 5s ago Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5) Process: 1234 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 1235 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/sshd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 1236 (sshd) # Cek versi SSH admin@server:~$ ssh -V OpenSSH_9.2p1 Debian-2+deb12u1, OpenSSL 3.0.11 19 Sep 2023 # Cek port SSH yang listening admin@server:~$ ss -tuln | grep :22 tcp LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*

Mengelola Service SSH

bash
# Start SSH service admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl start ssh # Stop SSH service admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl stop ssh # Restart SSH service admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl restart ssh # Reload SSH configuration (tanpa restart) admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl reload ssh # Enable SSH start on boot admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl enable ssh # Disable SSH start on boot admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl disable ssh # Cek status SSH admin@server:~$ systemctl status ssh # Cek apakah SSH enabled on boot admin@server:~$ systemctl is-enabled ssh enabled

Konfigurasi Firewall untuk SSH

bash
# Install UFW jika belum ada admin@server:~$ sudo apt install ufw # Allow SSH melalui firewall admin@server:~$ sudo ufw allow ssh Rules updated Rules updated (v6) # Atau allow port 22 secara eksplisit admin@server:~$ sudo ufw allow 22/tcp # Enable UFW admin@server:~$ sudo ufw enable Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y Firewall is active and enabled on system startup # Cek status UFW admin@server:~$ sudo ufw status Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- 22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere 22/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) # Cek status verbose admin@server:~$ sudo ufw status verbose
PERINGATAN: Selalu allow SSH sebelum enable UFW! Jika tidak, kamu akan terkunci dari server dan harus akses secara fisik untuk recovery.
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 01
  • Mampu install OpenSSH Server
  • Mampu mengelola service SSH (start, stop, restart, reload)
  • Mampu enable/disable SSH on boot
  • Mampu konfigurasi firewall untuk SSH
02
SUB-BAB 02 REMOTE SSH

REMOTE SERVER MENGGUNAKAN SSH

Koneksi SSH Dasar

bash - dari client
# Koneksi SSH ke server local@client:~$ ssh admin@192.168.1.10 The authenticity of host '192.168.1.10 (192.168.1.10)' can't be established. ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:ABC123... This key is not known by any other names Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.10' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts. admin@192.168.1.10's password: Linux server 6.1.0-18-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.1.76-1 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Mon Sep 7 10:30:15 2026 from 192.168.1.100 admin@server:~$ # Koneksi dengan user dan port tertentu local@client:~$ ssh -p 2222 admin@192.168.1.10 # Koneksi dengan verbose mode (debug) local@client:~$ ssh -v admin@192.168.1.10 # Koneksi dengan verbose mode lebih detail local@client:~$ ssh -vvv admin@192.168.1.10 # Keluar dari SSH session admin@server:~$ exit Connection to 192.168.1.10 closed. # Atau tekan Ctrl+D

Menjalankan Command Remote

bash - dari client
# Jalankan single command di server local@client:~$ ssh admin@192.168.1.10 "uname -a" Linux server 6.1.0-18-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.1.76-1 # Jalankan multiple commands local@client:~$ ssh admin@192.168.1.10 "uptime && df -h" 10:30:15 up 5 days, 3:15, 1 user, load average: 0.08, 0.03, 0.01 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 50G 10G 40G 20% / # Jalankan command dengan output ke file lokal local@client:~$ ssh admin@192.168.1.10 "df -h" > server-disk.txt # Jalankan command dengan input dari file lokal local@client:~$ ssh admin@192.168.1.10 "cat > remote-file.txt" < local-file.txt

SSH Config File

bash
# Edit SSH config file local@client:~$ nano ~/.ssh/config # Isi file config: # Server produksi Host production HostName 192.168.1.10 User admin Port 22 IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa # Server development Host dev HostName 192.168.1.20 User developer Port 2222 IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 # Server dengan custom settings Host custom HostName 10.0.0.10 User admin Port 22 IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa Compression yes ServerAliveInterval 60 ServerAliveCountMax 3 # Sekarang bisa connect dengan alias local@client:~$ ssh production local@client:~$ ssh dev
TIPS: Gunakan SSH config file untuk menyimpan konfigurasi server yang sering diakses. Ini memudahkan koneksi dan memungkinkan custom settings per server.
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 02
  • Mampu koneksi SSH ke server
  • Mampu jalankan command remote
  • Mampu konfigurasi SSH config file
  • Mampu gunakan SSH dengan alias
03
SUB-BAB 03 SCP & SFTP

SCP DAN SFTP

SCP - Secure Copy

bash
# Copy file dari lokal ke server local@client:~$ scp file.txt admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ file.txt 100% 1234 1.2MB/s 00:00 # Copy file dari server ke lokal local@client:~$ scp admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/file.txt ./ # Copy directory secara recursive local@client:~$ scp -r directory/ admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ # Copy dengan port custom local@client:~$ scp -P 2222 file.txt admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ # Copy dengan verbose mode local@client:~$ scp -v file.txt admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ # Copy dengan compression local@client:~$ scp -C file.txt admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ # Copy multiple files local@client:~$ scp file1.txt file2.txt admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ # Copy dengan wildcard local@client:~$ scp *.txt admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/ # Copy antara dua server remote local@client:~$ scp admin@192.168.1.10:/home/admin/file.txt admin@192.168.1.20:/home/admin/

SFTP - SSH File Transfer Protocol

bash
# Koneksi SFTP ke server local@client:~$ sftp admin@192.168.1.10 Connected to 192.168.1.10. sftp> # Lihat directory di server sftp> ls file1.txt file2.txt directory/ # Pindah directory di server sftp> cd directory # Lihat directory lokal sftp> lls # Pindah directory lokal sftp> lcd /path/to/local # Upload file sftp> put file.txt Uploading file.txt to /home/admin/file.txt file.txt 100% 1234 1.2MB/s 00:00 # Upload directory sftp> put -r directory/ # Download file sftp> get file.txt Fetching /home/admin/file.txt to file.txt # Download directory sftp> get -r directory/ # Buat directory di server sftp> mkdir newdir # Hapus file di server sftp> rm file.txt # Hapus directory di server sftp> rmdir directory # Keluar dari SFTP sftp> exit # Atau tekan Ctrl+D

Perbedaan SCP dan SFTP

FEATURESCPSFTP
InteractiveTidakYa
Resume transferTidakYa
Browse remoteTidakYa
SpeedLebih cepatSedikit lebih lambat
Use caseTransfer cepatInteractive file management
TIPS: Gunakan SCP untuk transfer cepat dan sederhana. Gunakan SFTP untuk interactive file management atau ketika perlu resume transfer.
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 03
  • Mampu copy file dengan SCP
  • Mampu copy directory dengan SCP
  • Mampu gunakan SFTP interactive
  • Memahami perbedaan SCP dan SFTP
04
SUB-BAB 04 SSH KEY

SSH KEY AUTHENTICATION

Apa Itu SSH Key?

SSH Key Authentication menggunakan asymmetric encryption (public-private key pair) untuk autentikasi. Lebih aman daripada password karena:

  • Tidak bisa di-brute force
  • Lebih panjang dan kompleks dari password
  • Bisa dilindungi dengan passphrase
  • Tidak perlu kirim password melalui network

Generate SSH Key Pair

bash - di client
# Generate SSH key dengan RSA (4096 bit) local@client:~$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "admin@client" Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/local/.ssh/id_rsa): [Enter] Created directory '/home/local/.ssh'. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): [Enter passphrase] Enter same passphrase again: [Enter passphrase] Your identification has been saved in /home/local/.ssh/id_rsa Your public key has been saved in /home/local/.ssh/id_rsa.pub The key fingerprint is: SHA256:ABC123... admin@client The key's randomart image is: +---[RSA 4096]----+ | | | | | | +----[SHA256]-----+ # Generate SSH key dengan Ed25519 (lebih modern dan aman) local@client:~$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "admin@client" # Lihat public key local@client:~$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQ... admin@client # Lihat private key local@client:~$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa -----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY----- ... -----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----

Copy Public Key ke Server

bash - di client
# Cara 1: Gunakan ssh-copy-id (paling mudah) local@client:~$ ssh-copy-id admin@192.168.1.10 /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/home/local/.ssh/id_rsa.pub" /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed admin@192.168.1.10's password: Number of key(s) added: 1 Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'admin@192.168.1.10'" and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added. # Cara 2: Copy manual dengan SSH local@client:~$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh admin@192.168.1.10 "mkdir -p ~/.ssh && cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys" # Cara 3: Copy manual dengan SCP local@client:~$ scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub admin@192.168.1.10:~/.ssh/authorized_keys # Test koneksi dengan SSH key local@client:~$ ssh admin@192.168.1.10 Last login: Mon Sep 7 10:30:15 2026 from 192.168.1.100 admin@server:~$ # Tidak perlu password!

Manage SSH Keys di Server

bash - di server
# Lihat authorized keys admin@server:~$ cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQ... admin@client # Tambah key baru admin@server:~$ echo "ssh-rsa AAAAB3..." >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys # Set permission yang benar admin@server:~$ chmod 700 ~/.ssh admin@server:~$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys # Hapus key tertentu admin@server:~$ nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys # Hapus baris key yang tidak diinginkan # Lihat fingerprint dari authorized keys admin@server:~$ ssh-keygen -lf ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
PERINGATAN: Jangan pernah share private key! Private key harus dijaga kerahasiaannya. Hanya public key yang boleh di-share ke server.
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 04
  • Mampu generate SSH key pair
  • Mampu copy public key ke server
  • Mampu manage authorized keys di server
  • Mampu koneksi SSH tanpa password
05
SUB-BAB 05 SSHD CONFIG

KONFIGURASI SSHD

File Konfigurasi sshd

File konfigurasi utama SSH server adalah /etc/ssh/sshd_config. File ini mengontrol semua aspek perilaku SSH server.

bash
# Edit file konfigurasi sshd admin@server:~$ sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config # Backup sebelum edit admin@server:~$ sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.backup # Lihat konfigurasi saat ini admin@server:~$ sudo cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config # Lihat konfigurasi yang aktif (tidak termasuk comment) admin@server:~$ sudo grep -v "^#" /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep -v "^$"

Konfigurasi Penting

/etc/ssh/sshd_config
# Port SSH (default 22) Port 22 # Protocol version (hanya SSH2) Protocol 2 # Host keys HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key # Logging SyslogFacility AUTH LogLevel INFO # Authentication LoginGraceTime 2m PermitRootLogin no StrictModes yes MaxAuthTries 3 MaxSessions 10 # Public key authentication PubkeyAuthentication yes # Password authentication PasswordAuthentication yes # Empty passwords PermitEmptyPasswords no # Challenge-response authentication ChallengeResponseAuthentication no # Use PAM UsePAM yes # Allow only specific users #AllowUsers admin user1 user2 # Allow only specific groups #AllowGroups sshusers admins # X11 forwarding X11Forwarding yes # Print message of the day PrintMotd no # Accept locale environment variables AcceptEnv LANG LC_* # Subsystem sftp Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server

Apply Konfigurasi

bash
# Test konfigurasi sebelum apply admin@server:~$ sudo sshd -t # Jika tidak ada output, konfigurasi valid # Reload SSH service (tanpa disconnect) admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl reload ssh # Atau restart SSH service admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl restart ssh # Cek status SSH admin@server:~$ systemctl status ssh
PERINGATAN: Selalu test konfigurasi dengan sshd -t sebelum reload/restart. Jika ada error di konfigurasi, kamu bisa terkunci dari server!
TIPS: Buka session SSH kedua sebelum restart SSH untuk testing. Jika konfigurasi salah dan kamu terkunci, masih ada session kedua yang bisa digunakan untuk fix.
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 05
  • Mampu edit file konfigurasi sshd
  • Mampu test konfigurasi sebelum apply
  • Mampu reload/restart SSH service
  • Memahami konfigurasi penting sshd
06
SUB-BAB 06 BATASI AKSES

MEMBATASI AKSES SSH

Batasi User yang Bisa SSH

/etc/ssh/sshd_config
# Allow hanya user tertentu AllowUsers admin user1 user2 # Allow semua user kecuali tertentu DenyUsers guest test # Allow hanya group tertentu AllowGroups sshusers admins # Deny group tertentu DenyGroups guests # Disable root login PermitRootLogin no # Allow root login hanya dengan SSH key PermitRootLogin prohibit-password # Allow root login dari IP tertentu saja Match Address 192.168.1.100 PermitRootLogin yes

Batasi IP yang Bisa SSH

/etc/ssh/sshd_config
# Allow hanya dari IP tertentu AllowUsers admin@192.168.1.100 admin@192.168.1.101 # Allow dari network tertentu AllowUsers admin@192.168.1.* # Atau gunakan AllowGroups dengan Match Match Address 192.168.1.0/24 AllowGroups sshusers # Deny dari IP tertentu DenyUsers *@10.0.0.*

Gunakan Fail2ban

bash
# Install fail2ban admin@server:~$ sudo apt install fail2ban # Copy konfigurasi default admin@server:~$ sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.local # Edit konfigurasi admin@server:~$ sudo nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local # Konfigurasi untuk SSH: [sshd] enabled = true port = ssh filter = sshd logpath = /var/log/auth.log maxretry = 3 bantime = 3600 findtime = 600 # Restart fail2ban admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl restart fail2ban # Cek status fail2ban admin@server:~$ sudo fail2ban-client status Status |- Number of jail: 1 `- Jail list: sshd # Cek status jail SSH admin@server:~$ sudo fail2ban-client status sshd Status for the jail: sshd |- Filter | |- Currently failed: 0 | |- Total failed: 0 | `- File list: /var/log/auth.log `- Actions |- Currently banned: 0 |- Total banned: 0 `- Banned IP list: # Unban IP admin@server:~$ sudo fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip 192.168.1.100
TIPS: Fail2ban akan otomatis ban IP yang gagal login berkali-kali. Ini mencegah brute force attack.
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 06
  • Mampu batasi user yang bisa SSH
  • Mampu batasi IP yang bisa SSH
  • Mampu install dan konfigurasi fail2ban
  • Mampu manage fail2ban bans
07
SUB-BAB 07 HARDENING

BASIC HARDENING SSH

Konfigurasi Hardening

/etc/ssh/sshd_config
# Ganti port SSH (default 22) Port 2222 # Disable root login PermitRootLogin no # Disable password authentication (gunakan SSH key saja) PasswordAuthentication no # Disable empty passwords PermitEmptyPasswords no # Disable challenge-response authentication ChallengeResponseAuthentication no # Disable X11 forwarding (jika tidak perlu) X11Forwarding no # Disable TCP forwarding (jika tidak perlu) AllowTcpForwarding no # Disable agent forwarding (jika tidak perlu) AllowAgentForwarding no # Limit authentication attempts MaxAuthTries 3 # Limit login grace time LoginGraceTime 60 # Limit max sessions MaxSessions 5 # Disable user environment PermitUserEnvironment no # Use strict modes StrictModes yes # Use PAM UsePAM yes # Use only strong ciphers Ciphers chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes128-ctr # Use only strong MACs MACs hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256 # Use only strong key exchange algorithms KexAlgorithms curve25519-sha256,curve25519-sha256@libssh.org,diffie-hellman-group16-sha512,diffie-hellman-group18-sha512 # Disable unused authentication methods HostbasedAuthentication no IgnoreRhosts yes # Log level LogLevel VERBOSE # Client alive settings ClientAliveInterval 300 ClientAliveCountMax 2 # Disable unused authentication methods HostbasedAuthentication no IgnoreRhosts yes # Log level LogLevel VERBOSE # Client alive settings ClientAliveInterval 300 ClientAliveCountMax 2 # Banner (pesan sebelum login) Banner /etc/ssh/banner # Buat file banner admin@server:~$ sudo nano /etc/ssh/banner ************************************************************* * WARNING: Authorized access only. All activities are * * monitored and logged. Unauthorized access is prohibited. * *************************************************************

Generate Strong Host Keys

bash
# Backup host keys lama admin@server:~$ sudo mkdir /etc/ssh/backup admin@server:~$ sudo mv /etc/ssh/ssh_host_* /etc/ssh/backup/ # Generate host keys baru admin@server:~$ sudo ssh-keygen -A ssh-keygen: generating new host keys: RSA ECDSA ED25519 # Set permission yang benar admin@server:~$ sudo chmod 600 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_* admin@server:~$ sudo chmod 644 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*.pub # Restart SSH admin@server:~$ sudo systemctl restart ssh # Lihat fingerprint host keys admin@server:~$ ssh-keygen -lf /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub 256 SHA256:ABC123... root@server (ED25519)

Test Konfigurasi

bash
# Test konfigurasi sshd admin@server:~$ sudo sshd -t # Jika tidak ada output, konfigurasi valid # Test koneksi dari client local@client:~$ ssh -p 2222 admin@192.168.1.10 ************************************************************* * WARNING: Authorized access only. All activities are * * monitored and logged. Unauthorized access is prohibited. * ************************************************************* admin@192.168.1.10's password: # Test dengan verbose mode untuk debug local@client:~$ ssh -vvv -p 2222 admin@192.168.1.10 # Test dengan specific cipher local@client:~$ ssh -c aes256-gcm@openssh.com -p 2222 admin@192.168.1.10

Checklist Hardening

CONFIGURATIONRECOMMENDEDSTATUS
PortChange from 22
PermitRootLoginno
PasswordAuthenticationno (use SSH keys)
MaxAuthTries3
LoginGraceTime60
CiphersStrong ciphers only
MACsStrong MACs only
KexAlgorithmsStrong KEX only
Fail2banInstalled & configured
UFWEnabled with SSH rule
PERINGATAN: Sebelum apply hardening, pastikan kamu punya akses alternatif (console access) ke server. Jika konfigurasi SSH salah, kamu bisa terkunci dari server!
TIPS: Gunakan tools seperti ssh-audit untuk audit konfigurasi SSH: ssh-audit 192.168.1.10
KOMPETENSI SUB-BAB 07
  • Mampu konfigurasi hardening SSH
  • Mampu generate strong host keys
  • Mampu test konfigurasi SSH
  • Memahami checklist hardening SSH
VOLUME 08 SELESAI

SELAMAT!

Kamu telah menyelesaikan Volume 08 - SSH & Remote Administration. Dari instalasi OpenSSH Server, remote server menggunakan SSH, SCP dan SFTP, SSH Key Authentication, konfigurasi sshd, membatasi akses SSH, hingga basic hardening SSH. Kamu sekarang menguasai SSH & Remote Administration di Debian Linux. Di Volume 09, kita akan dalami Firewall & Security. Sampai jumpa!
SUB-BAB7 LEVELSSH & Remote NEXTFirewall & Security
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